Comparison of Physiological and Kinematic Responses to Frequency Speed of Kick Test in Taekwondo Athletes of Different Levels / Farklı Düzeydeki Taekwondo Sporcularında Tekme Frekans Hız Testinin Fizyolojik ve Kinematik Yanıtlarının Karşılaştırılması”
Comparison of Physiological and Kinematic Responses to Frequency Speed of Kick Test in Taekwondo Athletes
Keywords:
Frequency Speed of Kick Test, Heart Rate, Protector and Scoring System, Rating of Perceived Exertion, TaekwondoAbstract
ABSTRACT
Aim: There is a need to comprehensively evaluate the high-intensity, kick-focused physiological and kinematic demands of taekwondo competitions using a sport-specific laboratory test. The study aimed to compare performance-related (number of kicks, kick fatigue index [KFI], and protector and scoring system–based impact values [PSSImpact]) and physiological (heart rate [HR] and rating of perceived exertion [RPE]) responses during the multiple frequency speed of kick test (FSKT5x10) between athletes of different competitive levels, and to derive composite performance and internal load scores from these variables.
Material and Method: This comparative study included national-level (NLT; n=8) and international-level (ILT; n=8) male taekwondo athletes (aged 18-25; weight 63-68 kg; black-belt). All measurements were conducted in a single preparatory-period session. During the FSKT5x10 protocol, kick counts and KFI were recorded; striking force (Daedo-Gen2 electronic protector), HR (Polar-H10) and RPE (Borg CR-10) were assessed. Composite performance and internal load scores were calculated from kinematic and physiological variables using min–max normalisation. Intergroup differences were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test (p<0.05).
Results: ILT significantly outperformed NLT in FSKT1, FSKT2, FSKT5x10, FSKTImpact1-4, and FSKTImpactmean (p<0.05), with high effect sizes across outcomes (ES=0.67-1); however, KFI, HR, RPE, and internal load scores did not differ between groups (p>0.05). During the FSKT5x10, ILT exhibited marked superiority in both kick count and PSSImpact compared with NLT.
Conclusion: The similarity in physiological responses indicates that these performance differences likely stem from technical and mechanical efficiency rather than differences in physical load. Based on these findings, the use of FSKT-derived indicators in conjunction with internal and external load measures is recommended as an effective approach for comprehensively evaluating taekwondo-specific performance profiles.
Keywords: Frequency Speed of Kick Test, Heart Rate, Protector and Scoring System, Rating of Perceived Exertion, Taekwondo
ÖZET
Amaç: Taekwondo müsabakalarının yüksek yoğunluklu, tekme ağırlıklı fizyolojik ve kinematik taleplerinin laboratuvar koşullarında spora özgü bir testle bütüncül biçimde değerlendirilmesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, farklı rekabet düzeylerindeki sporcuların çoklu tekme frekans hız testi (TFHT5x10) sırasındaki performansla ilişkili (tekme sayısı, tekme yorgunluk indeksi [TYİ] ve koruyucu ve puanlama sistemi temelli darbe değeri [KPSEtki]) ve fizyolojik (kalp atım hızı [KAH] ve algılanan efor derecesi [AED]) yanıtlarını karşılaştırmak ve bu değişkenlerden bileşik performans ile iç yük skorları üretmektir.
Materyal ve Metod: Karşılaştırmalı desenle yürütülen çalışmaya ulusal düzey (UDT; n=8) ve uluslararası düzey (UADT; n=8) erkek taekwondo sporcuları (toplam n=16; 18–25 yaş; 63–68 kg sıklet; siyah kuşak) dâhil edildi. Tüm ölçümler hazırlık döneminde tek bir oturumda gerçekleştirildi. TFHT5x10 protokolü sırasında tekme sayıları ve TYİ değerleri kaydedildi; KPSEtki (Daedo-Gen2 elektronik koruyucu), KAH (Polar-H10) ve AED (Borg CR-10) ölçüldü. Kinematik ve fizyolojik değişkenlerden min–maks normalizasyon yöntemiyle bileşik performans ve içsel yük skorları hesaplandı. Gruplar arası farklılıklar Mann–Whitney U testi ile analiz edildi (p<0,05).
Bulgular: UADT grubu; TFHT1, TFHT2 TFHT5x10, TFHTEtki1-4 ve TFHTEtkiort değişkenlerinde UDT grubuna kıyasla anlamlı ve yüksek etki büyüklükleriyle desteklenen üstün performans çıktıları gösterdiği saptandı (p<0,05; EB=0,67–1,00). Buna karşın TYİ, KAH, AED ve içsel yük skorları açısından gruplar arasında anlamlı fark gözlenmedi (p>0,05). TFHT5x10 boyunca UADT grubu, UDT grubuna göre hem tekme sayısı hem de KPSEtki bakımından belirgin üstünlük sergiledikleri saptandı.
Sonuç: Fizyolojik yanıtların benzer olması, performans farklılıklarının fiziksel yüklenmeden ziyade teknik uygulama ve mekanik verimlilik düzeyindeki farklılıklardan kaynaklandığını düşündürmektedir. Bu bulgular doğrultusunda, TFHT’den türetilen göstergelerin iç ve dış yük ölçütleriyle birlikte kullanılması, taekwondoya özgü performans profillerinin kapsamlı biçimde değerlendirilmesi için etkili bir yaklaşım olarak önerilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Algılanan Efor Derecesi, Kalp Atım Hızı, Koruyucu ve Puanlama Sistemi, Taekwondo, Tekme Frekans Hız Testi
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